A theory of social comparison processes, retrieved september 12, 2007, from hum. They act together in the manner in which they affect behavior. Write about the interaction between affect and social comparison. The theory of dissonance is here applied to the problem of why partial reward, delay of reward, and effort expenditure during training result in increased resistance to extinction. In general, social psychologists, always looking for the next great theory, seemed to have shelved this book and its concepts within a couple of decades after it came out in 1957 see leon festingers comments 30 years later in appendix b of cognitive dissonance progress on a pivotal theory in social. This may occur with reference to a physical reality. In accordance with festinger 1954, the questionnaire developed by gibbo 1999 differentiates between two dimensions of social comparisons that their underlying nature. Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal. However, the term social comparison was first proposed by festinger 1954. We draw not only on research that has directly examined competition but also on studies in social comparison and related fields that have significant implications for its analysis. When psychologists think of social comparison theory, they initially recall leon festinger s classic paper on a theory of social comparison processes.
Social comparison orientation as related to two types of. Leon festingers theory of cognitive dissonance has been widely recognized for its important and influential concepts in areas of motivation and social psychology. Leon festinger, 1954 theory of social comparison wild. For this, we are indebted to festinger 1954, whose influential theory of social comparison introduced over a half century ago subsequently gave rise to more. Such attitude change, according to the theory, represents an attempt on the part of the individual to reduce the inconsistency or dissonance among his cognitions. This compilation presents the reports of the laboratory studies together with a theoretical orientation of the work that has been. Social comparison theory festinger was the first to coin the term social comparison however, the general concepts can be traced back to aristotle and plato. Social comparison and the beauty of advertising models. Leon festinger was a hugely inspirational social psychologist, and is best known for his theory of cognitive dissonance. Pdf social comparison theory entry for encyclopedia of. You can be signed in via any or all of the methods shown below at the same time. In order to achieve the most objective information should compare ourselves to people who are less or more at our level, but we tend to compare ourselves to people. Originally developed by leon festinger 1954, social comparison theory is. Read online a theory of social comparison processes leon festinger book pdf free download link book now.
These notes are according to the r09 syllabus book of jntu. Festingers social comparison theory psychology essay. In this paper we shall present a further development of a previously published theory concerning. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. Explain how the social comparison findings, methodology, and theorizing have evolved since the publication of leon festingers theory in 1954. Enter your mobile number or email address below and well send you a link to download the free kindle app. Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook. The theory explains how individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others in order to reduce uncertainty in these domains, and learn how to define the self. In the rest of the book many behavioural facts supporting the theory are put forward. Learn social comparison with free interactive flashcards. While this seems cut and dry, the theory expands far beyond the constraints of the. It states that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement. Choose from 431 different sets of social comparison flashcards on quizlet. Social comparison theory has evolved considerably since festinger 1954 originally proposed it.
In r and r15,8units of r09 syllabus are combined into 5units in r and r15 syllabus. According to social comparison theory festinger, we compare ourselves to others in order to evaluate the opinions, abilities and our inner states, especially when there is no objective criterion for evaluation. Social comparison theory assumes that people tend to evaluate their successes, failures and opinions in relation to others festinger, 1954. From this grant, he was able to write his first document on the social comparison theory and published it in the journal of human relations in 1954. Festinger based his theory on nine hypotheses see table 4. According to the social comparison theory festinger 1954, such comparison is often downward, as individuals are inclined to think that they are smarter, better off, and more fortunate than most other people. When people evaluate the potential effect of media, they also estimate themselves as much more resistant to media influence park and salmon 2005. A theory of cognitive dissonance by festinger, leon, 19191989. One aspect of the theory that has yet to be systematically studied is the motive for comparison. Then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or. According to the social comparison theory festinger 1954. Leon festinger social comparison theory people need to compare their abilities against those of others. The theory applies to a variety of levels of analysis from small groups to entire global systems.
Leon festingers social comparison theory the psychology. Social comparison theory and drive for self evaluation. Social network theory is one of the few if perhaps the only theory in social science that is not reductionist. Introduction to social network theory charles kadushin. In this theory, it simply asserts that the process in which people learn about themselves by comparing themselves to other members of society. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf. A theory of social comparison processes, retrieved. Pdf on jan 2, 2018, j p gerber and others published social comparison theory entry for encyclopedia of personality and individual differences find, read and cite all the research you need on.
Riecken was a professor of social psychology at the university of minnesota when he coauthored when prophecy fails. Festingers social comparison theory provides an important rationale for how individuals come to know themselves. Theory and experiment in social communication festinger. Download a theory of social comparison processes leon festinger book pdf free download link or read online here in pdf. The old one states that members of a particular group would want to be parallel with each other because a uniform agreement must be made so that the group is able to come up with a common decision. Network theory notes pdf nt pdf notes nt notes pdf file to download are listed below please check it link. An important question when we try to axiomatize the properties of a structure is whether we have said everything we can say. Leon festinger 1954 different types of comparison we use objective criteria when available o how tall am i how much do i weigh how fast did i run. The marketing studies cited have assumed the motive for comparison to be selfevaluation, as originally proposed by festinger 1954. The social comparison theory was developed by social psychologist leon festinger. Comparison of objects, events, and situations is integral to judgment.
Social comparison theory, based on ones drive for selfevaluation, was first coined by leon festinger 1954. This book compiles findings from the research center for group dynamics at the university of michigan. This paper furthers festingers views on group influences of opinions and applies it to abilities as well. In a time of abundant information, the risk of picking up only those data that support our previous convictions is always there. He taught at numerous us university including stanford university. Social comparison orientation as related to two types of closeness. While opinions and abilities may, at first glance, seem to be quite different things, there is a close functional tie between them. Show full abstract these terms, classical social comparison theory is found wanting in two respects. As proofs use only nitely many assumptions from tthere is a nite inconsistent subset of t. In the early 1950s, the behavioral sciences division of the ford foundation gave leon festinger a grant, which was part of the program of the laboratory for research in social relations.
If you have access to a journal via a society or association membership, please browse to your society journal, select an article to view, and follow the instructions in this box. Abstract the agenda in music research that is broadly recognized as embodied music cognition has arrived handinhand with a social interpretation of music, focusing on the realworld basis of its performance, and fostering an empirical approach to musician movement regarding the communicative function and potential of those movements. This is chapter one of leon festinger, a theory of cognitive dissonance. The leon festinger papers document the career of one of the leading psychologists of our time. People tend to compete with those with similar status to themselves, and not with those much higher or lower than themselves.
View social network theory research papers on academia. In this paper we shall present a further development of a previously published theory concerning opinion influence processes in social groups 7. A theory of social comparison processes leon festinger. Festinger 1954 with others who are more similar to us on the. In this timely handbook a distinguished roster of researchers and theoreticians describe where the field has been since its. Since festingers 1957 presentation of dissonance theory, considerable attention has been given to the proposal that counterattitudinal behavior can lead to attitude change.
Material exists from all phases of his career and shows evidence of his work in social psychology, visual perception, and prehistoric social organization. The field is too large for a single individual to master. Social learning theory is a theory of learning process and social behavior which proposes that new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others. Theory and experiment in social communication festinger, leon on. As such, this study examines the role of motives in social comparison.
Freeresponsemeasures monitor the compar isons that. Broadening the scope of the essay in this way raises a number of problems. Network theory notes pdf nt notes pdf notes smartzworld. December 25, 2014 follow scirp home about scirp service policies. This article is from frontiers in psychology, volume 5. Festingers social comparison theory provides an important. The members of this group conducted a program of research, including two field studies and a number of laboratory experiments, in the area of social communication. A theory of social comparison processes leon festinger, 1954. A theory of social comparison processes center for human science. However, in the three decades since the publication of this work, social comparison theory has evolved in several ways. Keeping up with the joneses affects perceptions of distributive justice pdf. Access to society journal content varies across our titles. The concept of social comparison was first introduced by festinger 1954 who postulated that seeking comparisons. After four decades of research, the topic of social comparison is more popular than ever.
Here are presented all the main aspects of the theory. A persons cognition his opinions and beliefs about the situation in which he exists and his. Social comparison theory essay sample free college essay. This work is a clearly stated theory on how humans think, decide, and defend their decisions. According to leon festingeras 1954 social comparison theory, we have a need to evaluate our opinions and abilities, to figure out our strengths and weaknesses, in order to have an accurate view of ourselves. There exists, in the human organism, a drive to evaluate his opinions and his abilities. Leon festinger, an introduction to the theory of cognitive. A theory of cognitive dissonance by leon, festinger and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at. Social comparison theory an overview sciencedirect topics. The factor loadings are, however, less discriminant than theoretically expected. Cognitive dissonance theory leon festinger 1957 the feeling people have when they find themselves doing things that dont fit with what they know, or having opinions that do not fit with other opinions they hold. To be sure, there are emergent properties at different system levels, but these are extensions of. Such theories and hypotheses in the area of social psychology are frequently.
Many criticisms arose regarding festingers similarity hypothesis. As earlier mentioned, social comparison theory festinger, 1954 posits that individuals have a natural drive to compare their own attributes and abilities with the abilities and attributes of others. Qualifying exams social psychology flashcards quizlet. Think of a situation in which your assigned derivation might happen in the real life of youth. A theory of cognitive dissonance by festinger abebooks. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Use of social comparisons in interviews about young adults. Social comparison theory, initially proposed by social psychologist leon festinger in 1954. Cognitive dissonance 2 theory paper cognitive dissonance cognitive dissonance is defined by influential psychologist leon festinger as an antecedent condition which leads to activity oriented toward dissonance reduction festinger, 1957, p. Deutsch and krauss argued that people actually seek out dissimilar others in their comparisons maintaining that this is important for providing valuable.
Social comparison theory the theory that i had chosen to discuss and research about would happen to be the social comparison theory. Social comparison theory, initially proposed by social psychologist leon festinger in 1954, centers on the belief that there is a drive within individuals to gain accurate selfevaluations. Sign in here to access free tools such as favourites and alerts, or to access. We are more likely to engage in social comparison when. Although i have been reading reasonably widely in social theory for the. The first factor reflects comparisons of abilities, whereas the second factor reflects consideration of and comparison with others opinions.
1143 579 1561 937 102 1115 5 1384 1482 358 776 265 1074 1427 864 1245 863 1517 1533 1162 59 557 805 687 591 49 230 1088 1406 1364 268 884 1339 395 831 1182 47