The administration of drugs by transdermal or transmucosal routes offers the advantage of being. Administration of a drug to the conjunctiva, the most frequently used mode of ocular drug delivery. This is the most frequently used route of drug administration and is the most convenient and costeffective. Pdf systemic absorption of a drug depends on its physicochemical properties. Mar 10, 2020 drug administration routes science topic the various ways of administering a drug or other chemical to a site in a patient or animal from where the chemical is absorbed into the blood and. Reasons for choosing a parenteral route over the oral route include drugs with low oral bioavailability, patients who are unable to take the drug. Rapid injections are used to treat epileptic seizures, acute asthma, or cardiac arrhythmias. Some vaccines are approved by the food and drug administration fda for administration by the pharmajet stratis needlefree injection system.
Oral route is the most common route of drug administration. What is the best route of drug pure chemical compound from marine isolate administration to increase the bioavailability in brain for long term 25 days treatment to rat. Describe various delayedrelease dosage formulations. Emergency or the impossibility of intake by mouth makes the parenteral route.
Jun 28, 20 classification routes of administration can broadly be divided into. Drug design and development has several stages and takes many years to complete. A list of commonly used routes of drug administration can be found below, along with useful information about dosage and abbreviations. Based on the specific medication being used, the rate of absorption desired, and the specific site of action where the medication needs to have an effect your doctor or pharmacist will instruct you on the route of administration needed for you. In addition, the chemical structure of a drug plays an important role in the ability of a drug to cross from the circulatory system into the brain. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. It can be either solid, semisolid or liquid formulations. There are many routes of medication administration the way that a drug is placed into the body. Understand the advantages and disadvantage of various. The mouth route is the most commonly used route of drug administration due to the ease in which the drugs can be taken. A route of administration is the path by which a drug,fluid, poison or other substance is brought intocontact with the body. A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid. Selecting a right route of drug administration by a physician improves patients health.
Onset of action the length of time needed for a medicine to give its action. Although soliddose forms such as tablets and capsules have a high degree of drug stability and provide accurate dosage, the oral route is problematic because of the unpredictable nature of gastrointestinal absorption. A drug administered parenterally is one injected via a hollow needle into the body. Pulmonary route of drug delivery gaining much importance in the present day research field as it enables to target the drug delivery directly to lung both for local and systemic treatment. Gastrointestinal oral per os through the mouth gavage into the stomach via a tube or gavage needle rectal per rectum into the rectum via the anus npo nil per os nothing by mouth. In this video lecture, professor fink identifies the major routes of administration of drugs and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each. Advantages of rectalurethral vaginal route are as follows. Im stands for intramuscular, where intra means within and muscular obviously. Factors to be considered when choosing certain route. Routes of drug administration intravenous iv drugs may be given into a peripheral vein over 1 to 2 minutes or longer by infusion. Routes of administration an overview sciencedirect topics.
Condition of the patient unconscious, vomiting, diarrhoea. Drug administration by mouth and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. The food and drug administration receives more than 100,000 reports of medication errors. Routes of drug administration for bns 1st year slideshare. Routes of drug administration objectives routes of. If the patient is unconscious then it is not possible to give the drug orally. The oral route of administration is the safest, most economical and the most convenient way of giving medicines. Oral route has a slow onset of action, hence not used in. Intravenous infusions are commonly referred to as drips the intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver medications and. Drug and patientrelated factors determine the selection of routes for drug administration. There are several different ways drugs can be administered.
Oral respiratory parenteral dermal ocular body cavities. It may be in the form of tablets, capsules, syrup, emulsions. Once a drug that may be useful in treating a disorder is identified, it is studied in laboratory animals. Formulation and routes of administration of drugs notes. Advantages of this topical route include direct, localized delivery to the target tissue, good accessibility into the intraocular environment owing to membrane permeability and large intercellular spaces, avoidance of hepatic firstpass. The route of administration is the way through which the dosage form is administered into the body for treatment of various diseases and disorders. Routes of drug administration pharmacology 3571 with. Oral route the most common route of drug administration. Intravenous the injection of a drug directly into the patients veins is the most rapid route of administration, resulting in the most rapid onset of action. Never give pills or liquids to an individual lying down. A route of administration is the means by which a drug or agent enters the body, such as by mouth or by injection. Conclusion different kinds of experimental animals are used as models for screening of various drugs. These routes are called as routes of medication administration.
Effect of route of administration and distribution on drug action. Routes of administration factors to be considered when. Route of administration shall consist of an alphabetic term which has a maximum length shall be restricted to 60 characters, with the hyphen and virgule being only punctuation permissible. Routes of medication administration when giving medications by mouth such as pills or liquids, there are some basic things to remember. To optimize therapy, it is desirable to search for nonparenteral routes of administration and to deliver the drug in a controlledrelease fashion. Oct 15, 2010 nonmedical prescription opioid use has emerged as a major public health concern in recent years, particularly in rural appalachia. The purpose of this study was to describe ruralurban differences in roa for nonmedical prescription opioid use. The route of administration affects how quickly a drug reaches the brain.
Parenteral administration refers to any routes of administration that do not involve drug absorption via the gi tract par around, enteral gastrointestinal, including the iv, intramuscular im, subcutaneous sc or sq, and transdermal routes. Intravitreal intravitreal is a route of administration of a drug or other substance, in which the substance is delivered into the eye. Dosage forms like the tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions, emulsion are taken by this route. It is a method of delivering the drug directly into the blood stream without having to pass the oral or alimentary mucous layer. Intravenous therapy iv is therapy that delivers fluids directly into a vein. Routes of drug administration subcutaneous sc this involves administration of the drug by injection just under the skin. Study 28 routes of drug administration flashcards from chelsea t.
Modes or routes of drug administration vary from the widely followed oral route to parenteral and inhalational routes. The intravenous route of administration can be used both for injections, using a syringe at higher pressures. Absorption after oral administration can be quite variable. Drugs are applied topically to the skin or mucous membranes, mainly for local action. Over the last 2 decades, the systemic absorption of a broad range of therapeutics after pulmonary application has been demonstrated in animals as well as in. You might have mostly got tablets to consume but at times even syrups, ointments and even injections are given. These changes have often resulted in improved patient adherence to the therapeutic regimen and pharmacologic response. This route of administration is possible if the drug is in liquid dosage form.
Drugs can be given to a person in a variety of formulations. Compare and contrast different types of emulsions such as ointments, creams, and gels. This route is called urethral route of drug administration. The organ or sites via which a drug formulation enters the body 2. Oral route oral refers to two methods of administration. Routes of drug administration to laboratory animals. Drugs that can be given by the otic route include hydrocortisone to relieve inflammation, ciprofloxacin to treat infection, and benzocaine to numb the ear. Routes of drug administration advantages of inhalation rapid action of the drug, with local effects with in the respiratory tract potent drugs may be given in small. Pharmaceutic companies manufacture drugs in various forms. There are various routes for drug administration which is choose according to the situation of patient and drug basically there are two routes for drug administration local route systemic route. Dosage form design may also be used modify the rate of absorption.
This presentation describes various routes of drug administration. There are four principal routes of drug administration. Unless the drugs are used for a long time or used too much, little of the drugs enter the bloodstream, so bodywide side effects are absent or minimal. Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. All the routes of drug administration need to be understood in terms of their implications for the effectiveness of the drug therapy and the patients experience of drug treatment. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Routes can also be classified based on where the target of action is. R outes of drug a dministration to laboratory a nimals common routes.
Various routes of administrations play a marked role in the bioavailability of the active drug in the body. Route of administration definition and meaning collins. The type of formulation given to a patient depends upon the type of patient and the condition of the patient such as age, sex, and. A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body. Explain the major routes of administration and the advantages and disadvantages associated with each route of administration. Routes of administration of a drug are determined by its physical and chemical properties, patient characteristics and the rapidity of response desired. Various routes of administration are possible, including oral, topical, and parenteral. Emergency or the impossibility of intake by mouth makes the parenteral route necessary. Termination of effect, metabolism andor elimination what does kinetic or kinetics refer to. The four main routes of administration for drugs of abuse are. The intramuscular route is preferred to the subcutaneous route when larger volumes of a drug product are needed. Figure 6 topical route of drug administration examples 1. High molecular weight drugs in general, and peptides in particular, are usually delivered by parenteral route because they are poorly absorbed or degraded in the gastrointestinal tract.
Many individuals can only swallow one pill at a time. Though the mechanisms of action of drugs delivered by these routes are different, they offer a common advantage increased therapeutic index with simultaneously decreased side effects. Common examples include oral and intravenous administration. Principles and modes of drug administration springerlink. For more information, see the manufacturers website. Topical routes of administration topical administration is the application of a drug directly to the surface of the skin includes administration of drugs to any mucous membrane eye vagina nose urethra ears colon lungs 24.
Little is known about the routes of administration roa involved in nonmedical prescription opioid use among rural and urban drug users. A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. In this lecture local routes of drug administration 1. Various factors govern the effect of orally administered drugs. Drug administration routes science topic the various ways of administering a drug or other chemical to a site in a patient or animal from where the chemical is absorbed into the blood and. Effect of route of administration and distribution on drug.
The chemical structure and nature of a drug may determine which route of administration can be used for. Intra arterial systemic routes of drug administration 1. Use of aseptic technique very very important intravenous iv injections fast action due to avoidance of gi absorption intradermal injected into the dermis. A parenteral route of administration may be required when the oral route cannot be used. Route of administration shall consist of an alphabetic term which has a maximum length. Discuss the advantages of a transdermal dosage form. Parenteral route of administration and dosage forms a drug given parenterally is one given by a route other than the mouth topical dosage forms are considered separately.
Alternative routes of drug administrationadvantages and. This time varies for different types of routes of administrations. The three main parenteral routes of drug administration are iv, im, and sc, and in all cases administration is usually via a hollow needle. Parenteral drug administration their types, advantages. Routes of medication administration are described in the table below. Routes of administration pharmacology linkedin slideshare. Route of administration an overview sciencedirect topics. Routes of drug administration oral po oral administration will be covered in more detail in subsequent chapters. Routes and techniques of drug administration veterian key. There are various routes of administration available, each of which has associated advantages and disadvantages.
During the past 20 years, advances in drug formulations and innovative routes of administration have been made. Topics you will be quizzed on include deliveries of drugs and different types of drug creation methods. It may be in the form of tablets, capsules, syrup, emulsions or powders. These advantages include safety, good patient compliance, ease of ingestion, pain avoidance, and versatility to accommodate various types of drugs sastry et al.
The extent and time course of drug action can be markedly affected by the route of drug administration into the patient as well as the pattern of drug distribution within the patient. The rate of absorption can vary markedly, depending on the physical characteristics of the drug lipid soluble and skin at the site of application. Advantages safe convenient self administered, pain free, noninvasive and easy to take economical compared to other parentral routes usually good absorption takes place along the whole length of the gi tract no need for sterilization. What is the best route of drug administration for long term. A drug given parenterally is one given by a route other than the mouth topical dosage forms are considered separately. Because the muscles lie below the skin and fatty tissues, a longer needle is used. Most of the drugs can be administered by different routes. Routes of drug administration objectives describe the pharmacokinetic implications of various routes of administration understand the advantages and disadvantage of various routes of administration from a pk point of view routes of administration enteral to do with gastrointestinal gi tract e. Different routes are oral route, sublingual route, rectal route, parentral routes, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular. Know the different drug administration routes as oral, rectal, parenteral, inhalation, dermal and mucosal.
We report here on the absorption and the systemic biological. Routes of administration and dosage forms pharmacology. The route of administration is largely dependent on the property of the test substance and the objective of. Alternative routes of drug administration transdermal. Start studying 8 routes of administration of drugs. Our understanding of drug transport across tissues has increased. For small therapeutic molecules, various routes for drug administration are parenteral intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous, oral, nasal, ocular. Routes of drug administration and multiple drug misuse. Drugs administered by the oral route move through the various parts of. Youre probably familiar with injections and pills that you swallow, but medications can be given in many other ways as well. This route of administration achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin, usually via a transdermal medicated adhesive patch. Parenteral mode of drug administration that avoids the git. Route of administration for illicit prescription opioids. Oral drug administration an overview sciencedirect topics.
Iv injection is the introduction of a medication into the veins using a needle, and. Route of administration plays a significant role in the incidence of hypersensitivity as iv administration causes a significant number of hypersensitive responses 643% whereas im or subcutaneous routes cause far lower incidences 614%. The optimal choice of medication administration route regarding. Medication errors happen all too often in the united states, even when drugs are given by professionals. Formulations is a mixture in a particular state that the drug is supplied to the patient. Injectable preparations are usually sterile solutions or suspensions of drug in water. Administer the vaccines centers for disease control. Advantages and disadvantages of routes of drug administration. Pharmacologist should have a thorough knowledge about the animal handling, route of administration and techniques of blood collection. The path taken by the drug to get into the body is known as the route of drug administration. Routes of drug administration play a major role in a medical treatment.
Absorption can be fast from aqueous solution but slower with depot formulations. Describe the pharmacokinetic implications of various routes of administration. Routes of medication administration oral route also called per oral in this route as the name indicates drug is taken by mouth. Routes of administration there are many ways that the drug can be administrated to the body for treatment of diseases. You will get here advantages and disadvantages of routes of drug administration. To obtain a general effect, the drug is usually given by oral or parenteral route. Purchase routes of drug administration 1st edition. The reason for choice of routes of drug administration are governing by various factors. Drug administration drugs msd manual consumer version. The laboratory mouse handbook of experimental animals. The parenteral route of administration does have its disadvantages. Intravenous usually refers to a way of giving a drug or other substance through a needle or tube inserted into a vein.
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